שלא יהא דבורך של שבת כדבורך של חול דבור אסור הרהור מותר בשלמא כולהו לחיי אלא שלא יהא הילוכך של שבת כהילוכך של חול מאי היא כי הא דאמר רב הונא אמר רב ואמרי ליה אמר רבי אבא אמר רב הונא היה מהלך בשבת ופגע באמת המים אם יכול להניח את רגלו ראשונה קודם שתעקר שניה מותר ואם לאו אסור

means that your speech on Shabbat should not be like your speech during the week, i. e., one should not discuss his weekday affairs on Shabbat. However, it is only speech that they said is prohibited, whereas merely contemplating weekday affairs is permitted. The Gemara asks: Granted, all of these directives, fine, they are understood. However, what is the meaning of the following phrase: That your walking on Shabbat should not be like your walking during the week? The Gemara answers: It is in accordance with that which Rav Huna said that Rav said, and some say that Rabbi Abba said that Rav Huna said: If one were walking on Shabbat and came upon a stream of water and had to cross it, if the stream is narrow and one could place his first foot down on the other side before raising the second one, it is permitted to cross it; and if it is not possible and one must jump to cross it, it is prohibited. That is the type of walking that is not permitted on Shabbat.

מתקיף לה רבא היכי ליעביד ליקף קמפיש בהילוכא ליעבר זימנין דמיתווסן מאני מיא ואתי לידי סחיטה אלא בהא כיון דלא אפשר שפיר דמי אלא כדבעא מיניה רבי מרבי ישמעאל ברבי יוסי מהו לפסוע פסיעה גסה בשבת אמר ליה וכי בחול מי הותרה שאני אומר פסיעה גסה נוטלת אחד מחמש מאות ממאור עיניו של אדם ומהדר ליה בקידושא דבי שמשי

Rava strongly objects to this: Since we have said that one’s walking on Shabbat should not be like his walking during the week, and jumping constitutes prohibited walking, if one encounters a stream on Shabbat, what should he do to cross to the other side? If he circumvents the stream, he is increasing the distance that he is walking and exerting extra effort on Shabbat. If he walks through the water, sometimes his clothes will absorb water and he will come to wring them out. What then should he do? Rather, in this case, since it is not possible to cross any other way, he may well cross it, i. e., it is permitted for him to jump over the stream. Therefore, rather say that walking that is defined as characteristic of weekday walking involves taking large steps. As Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi raised a dilemma before Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: What is the ruling with regard to taking large steps on Shabbat? That is what the Gemara meant when it used the phrase: Your walking during the week. Rabbi Yishmael said to him: And during the week are large steps permitted? As I say: A large step takes away one five-hundredth of a person’s eyesight. The Gemara comments: And his eyesight is restored to him during kiddush on Shabbat evening.

בעא מיניה רבי מרבי ישמעאל ברבי יוסי מהו לאכול אדמה בשבת אמר ליה וכי בחול מי הותרה שאני אומר אף בחול אסור מפני שהוא מלקה אמר רבי אמי כל האוכל מעפרה של בבל כאילו אוכל מבשר אבותיו ויש אומרים כאילו אוכל שקצים ורמשים דכתיב וימח את כל היקום וגו׳

And Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi raised a dilemma before Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: What is the ruling with regard to eating earth for medicinal purposes on Shabbat? Rabbi Yishmael said to him: And during the week is it permitted to eat soil? As I say: Even during the week it is prohibited because it is harmful. Rabbi Ami said: Anyone who eats the dust of Babylonia, it is as if he is eating the flesh of his ancestors buried there. And some say: It is as if he eats abominations and creeping creatures, as it is written: “ And He wiped out all that existed on the face of the earth, from humans to animals, to creeping creatures to the birds in the sky, and they were wiped off the land” (Genesis 7:23).

אמר ריש לקיש למה נקרא שמה שנער שכל מתי מבול ננערו לשם אמר רבי יוחנן למה נקרא שמה מצולה שכל מתי מבול נצטללו לשם [ויש אומרים כאילו אוכל] שקצים ורמשים והא ודאי איתמחויי איתמחו אמרי כיון דמלקי גזרו ביה רבנן דהא ההוא גברא דאכל גרגישתא ואכל תחלי וקדחו ליה תחליה בלביה ומית

Apropos dead residue in the ground, Reish Lakish said: Why is Babylonia called Shinar? It is because all those who died in the Flood were deposited there [ninaru lesham]. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Why is Babylonia called Metzula? It is because all those who died in the Flood sank there [nitztalelu lesham]. The Gemara asks: We said that some say that if one eats dirt from Babylonia, it is as if he eats abominations and creeping creatures. However, certainly their bodies have putrefied and decomposed, and therefore they are no longer prohibited. Rather, since soil is harmful, the Sages issued a decree not to eat it. The decree was not issued due to the prohibition of eating creeping creatures; rather, it was issued because a certain person ate soil for medicinal purposes and also ate cress. The cress took root in the soil that was inside him and began to grow. And the cress punctured his heart and he died.

ורחצת וסכת ושמת שמלתיך אמר רבי אלעזר אלו בגדים של שבת תן לחכם ויחכם עוד אמר רבי אלעזר זו רות המואביה ושמואל הרמתי

The Gemara continues to discuss Shabbat. Naomi advised Ruth: “ And you shall bathe, and anoint yourself, and put on your robes, and go down to the threshing floor. Do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking” (Ruth 3:3). Rabbi Elazar said: These robes are Shabbat garments that Naomi told her to wear in honor of the occasion. Apropos the book of Ruth, the Gemara cites additional statements of Rabbi Elazar with regard to Ruth:“ Give to the wise one and he will become wiser; let the righteous one know and he will learn more” (Proverbs 9:9). Rabbi Elazar said: This refers to Ruth the Moabite and Samuel of Rama, who received advice and added to it with their wisdom.

רות דאילו נעמי קאמרה לה ורחצת וסכת ושמת שמלתיך עליך וירדת הגרן ואילו בדידה כתיב ותרד הגרן והדר ותעש ככל אשר צותה חמותה שמואל דאילו עלי קאמר ליה שכב והיה אם יקרא אליך ואמרת דבר ה׳ כי שומע עבדך ואילו בדידיה כתיב ביה ויבא ה׳ ויתיצב ויקרא כפעם בפעם שמואל שמואל ויאמר שמואל דבר כי שמע עבדך ולא אמר דבר ה׳

The Gemara elaborates. Whereas Naomi said to Ruth: “ And you shall bathe, and anoint yourself, and put on your robes, and go down to the threshing floor, ” but with regard to Ruth herself it is written, “ And she went down to the threshing floor” (Ruth 3:6), and only afterward does it say, “ And she did according to all that her mother-in-law commanded her. ” Ruth decided to anoint herself at the threshing floor and not on the road so that people would not meet her on the way there and suspect her of immorality. Whereas Eli said to Samuel:“ Go and lie down and if He calls you, you say: Speak, Lord, for Your servant is listening” (I Samuel 3: 9), but with regard to Samuel himself it is written: “ And the Lord came and stood, and He called like He did the other times: Samuel, Samuel. And Samuel said: Speak, for Your servant is listening” (I Samuel 3: 10), and he did not say: Speak, Lord, since he would not assume it was God speaking to him until he was sure of it.

ותלך ותבא ותלקט בשדה אמר רבי אלעזר שהלכה ובאת הלכה ובאת עד שמצאה בני אדם המהוגנין לילך עמהם ויאמר בועז לנערו הנצב על הקוצרים למי הנערה הזאת וכי דרכו של בועז לשאול בנערה אמר רבי אלעזר דבר חכמה ראה בה שני שבלין לקטה שלשה שבלין אינה לקטה

And the verse in Ruth states: “ And she went, and she came, and she collected in the field after the harvesters” (Ruth 2:3). Rabbi Elazar said: This verse teaches that she went and came, went and came, until she found suitable people with whom to walk. It also says:“ And Boaz said to his youth who was standing over the harvesters: To whom does this young woman belong? ” (Ruth 2:5). This is surprising: And was it Boaz’s habit to inquire about a young woman? Rabbi Elazar said: He saw in her a matter of wisdom and Torah, and that is why he asked about her. What he saw was that she collected two stalks, but she did not collect three stalks. She thereby acted in accordance with the halakha that three stalks lying together are not considered to be gleanings left for the poor; rather, they remain in the possession of the owner of the field.

במתניתא תנא דבר צניעות ראה בה עומדות מעומד נופלות מיושב וכה תדבקין עם נערותי וכי דרכו של בועז לדבק עם הנשים אמר רבי אלעזר כיון דחזא ותשק ערפה לחמותה ורות דבקה בה אמר שרי לאידבוקי בה

It was taught in a baraita:

He saw a matter of modesty in her when she was collecting stalks. She picked stalks that were upright while she was standing, and stalks that had fallen she picked while sitting; due to her modesty she did not bend over to take them. It also says: “ And Boaz said to Ruth: Do you hear, my daughter? Do not go to glean in another field and do not leave from here, but cling to my maidens” (Ruth 2:8). This is also surprising. And was it Boaz’s habit to cling to women? Rabbi Elazar said: Since he saw“ And Orpah kissed her mother-in-law and Ruth clung to her” (Ruth 1:14), he said: It is permitted to cling to a woman like this.

ויאמר לה בעז לעת האכל גשי הלם אמר רבי אלעזר רמז רמז לה עתידה מלכות בית דוד לצאת ממך דכתיב ביה הלם שנאמר ויבא המלך דוד וישב לפני ה׳ ויאמר מי אנכי אדני ה׳ ומי ביתי כי הבאתני עד הלם וטבלת פתך בחמץ אמר רבי אלעזר מכאן שהחומץ יפה לשרב

It also says: “ And Boaz said to her at mealtime: Come here [halom] and eat from the bread and dip your bread in vinegar. And she sat beside the harvesters and he gave her roasted grain and she ate, and she was satiated, and she left some over” (Ruth 2:14). Rabbi Elazar interpreted this and said that he hinted to her prophetically: In the future the kingdom of David will come from you, as it is written with regard to it, i. e., the kingdom of David:“ Here, ” as it is stated: “ And King David came and sat before God and said: Who am I, Lord, God, and who is my family that You have brought me to here [halom]? ” (II Samuel 7: 18). With regard to his say ing:“ And dip your bread in vinegar” (Ruth 2:14), Rabbi Elazar said: From here we see that vinegar is good to have in hot weather.

רבי שמואל בר נחמני אמר רמז רמז לה עתיד בן לצאת ממך שמעשיו קשין כחמץ ומנו מנשה ותשב מצד הקוצרים אמר רבי אלעזר מצד הקוצרים ולא בתוך הקוצרים רמז רמז לה שעתידה מלכות בית דוד שתתחלק

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that he hinted to her: A son will come from you in the future whose actions will be as sharp as vinegar, and who is he? King Manasseh. “ And she sat beside the harvesters. ” Rabbi Elazar said with regard to this: Beside the harvesters, and not among the harvesters. He hinted to her that the kingdom of David will be divided in the future and her children will not always be in the center of Israel.

ויצבט לה קלי ותאכל אמר רבי אלעזר ותאכל בימי דוד ותשבע בימי שלמה ותתר בימי חזקיה ואיכא דאמרי ותאכל בימי דוד ובימי שלמה ותשבע בימי חזקיה ותתר בימי רבי דאמר מר אהוריריה דרבי הוה עתיר משבור מלכא במתניתא תנא ותאכל בעולם הזה ותשבע לימות המשיח ותתר לעתיד לבא:

It also says in the verse: “ And he gave her roasted grain and she ate, and she was satiated, and she left some over. ” The Gemara explains: “ And he gave her roasted grain and she ate”; this is also interpreted as a prophetic message. Rabbi Elazar said: “ And she ate” was fulfilled by her children’s children in the days of David; “ And she was satiated” was fulfilled in the days of Solomon; “ And she left some over” was fulfilled in the days of Hezekiah. And some say that there is a different interpretation:“ And she ate, ” was fulfilled in the days of David and Solomon; “ And she was satiated, ” was fulfilled in the days of Hezekiah; “ And she left some over” was fulfilled in the days of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. As the Master said: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s horsekeeper [ahuriyarei] was richer than the king of Persia. It was taught in a baraita:

“ And she ate, ” in this world; “ and she was satiated, ” in the days of the Messiah; “ and she left some over, ” in the future, at the end of days.

ותחת כבודו יקד יקוד כיקוד אש אמר רבי יוחנן ותחת כבודו ולא כבודו ממש רבי יוחנן לטעמיה דרבי יוחנן קרי למאניה מכבדותי

It was mentioned earlier that Rabbi Yoḥanan called his clothing his honor. The Gemara cites the interpretation of the verse that speaks about the downfall of the king of Assyria: “ Therefore, the Lord, the Lord of hosts, will send leanness to his fat ones and under his honor He will burn a burning like a burning fire” (Isaiah 10:16).
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: “ And under his honor, ” but not his actual honor. The Gemara explains: Rabbi Yoḥanan follows his own reasoning, for he called his clothing my honor, which means that the bodies of the king of Assyria’s soldiers were burned. However, their garments were miraculously not burned.

רבי אלעזר אומר ותחת כבודו תחת כבודו ממש רבי שמואל בר נחמני אמר תחת כבודו כשריפת בני אהרן מה להלן שריפת נשמה וגוף קיים אף כאן שריפת נשמה וגוף קיים

Rabbi Elazar said: “ And under his honor” means in place of his actual honor. That is to say, their bodies were burned. Since, in Rabbi Elazar’s opinion, the word under means in the place of, the verse accordingly means that in the place of his honor, i. e., the body, there remain ashes.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: Under his honor means beneath his flesh, similar to the burning of the sons of Aaron. Just as there, i. e., the burning of Aaron’s sons, the soul burned while the body remained intact, so too here, i. e., the burning of Assyrian soldiers, the soul burned while the body remained intact.

אמר רבי אחא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן

Rabbi Aḥa bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: